Plant phenols extraction and activation thereof, to use as feed additive in animal husbandry particularly ruminants to help reducing CO2 from environment

ABSTRACT

Feed additive including sodium carbonate feed additive polyphenol particles can be fed to animals to reduce methane or carbon dioxide emission. The feed additive polyphenol particles can be prepared by reacting phenols with sodium percarbonate (2Na 2 CO 3 .3H 2 O 2 ) in a solution of water, a peroxidase and a dispersing agent. The sodium percarbonate can be dissolved in the water solution to generate sodium and carbonate ions, which can be incorporated to the polyphenol particles for assisting the animals in digesting the feed additive. The dispersing agent can be used to limit the sizes of the particles to facilitate the consumption of the feed additive by the animals.

The present patent application is continuation of U.S. Utility patentapplication Ser. No. 17/466,644, filed on Sep. 3, 2021, entitled: “Plantphenols extraction and activation thereof, to use as feed additive inanimal husbandry particularly ruminants to help reducing CO₂ fromenvironment”, which claim priority from U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 63/155,889, filing date Mar. 3, 2021, entitled“Plant phenols extraction and activation thereof, to use as feedadditive in animal husbandry particularly ruminants to help eliminateCO₂ from environment”, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The present invention relates to the reduction of methane and carbondioxide emissions from animals, especially ruminants, through orallyadministering feed additives mixed in the animal feed.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Livestock emissions can include CH₄ and CO₂, which contribute a largeportion of greenhouse gases, which also include water vapor, nitrousoxide, and ozone. The greenhouse gases partially absorb the infra-redradiation emitted by the earth surface, which hampers its dissipation tothe space. An increase in the greenhouse gases can result in the raiseof global mean temperature.

Methane is a by-product of the consumption of nutrients by microbes inthe gut of ruminant animals. For example, a cow releases between 85 and170 kg of methane per year on average. The rumen, e.g., a first stomachof a ruminant animal, is filled with microorganisms, such as bacteria,fungi and protozoa that break down high fiber plant material consume bythe animal into nutrients via a fermentative process. The microorganismsprocess the plant material to produce methane and carbon dioxide. Themajority of the methane is released by belching by the animal, therebycontributing to green house gas increases.

Thus, there is a need for a feed supplement for animals to reducemethane and carbon dioxide production in ruminant animals.

SUMMARY OF THE EMBODIMENTS

In some embodiments, the present invention discloses a method andprocess to prepare sodium percarbonated feed additive polyphenolparticles, including a process for preparing dry feed additive using adispersing agent.

Feed additive polyphenol particles can be prepared by reacting phenolswith sodium percarbonate (2Na₂CO₃.3H₂O₂) in a solution of an organicsolvent compatible with water, water, a peroxidase and a dispersingagent. For example, a process to prepare sodium percarbonated polyphenolparticles can include preparing a solution of phenol in an organicsolvent, water, and a peroxidase, followed by adding sodium percarbonateinto the solution to obtain a reaction mixture and activating thespherical polyphenol particles.

In some embodiments, the feed additive polyphenol particles can beextracted and commercially produced by adding a dispersing agent toselectively prepare and activate polyphenol particles having desireddiameters without forming micelles.

In some embodiments, polymer emulsions of activated polyphenol particlescan be performed to generate secondary feed additive, which can have lowviscosity for ease of mixing in feeds or diet of animals. Theseparticles are expected to be useful in the field of feed additives usedin ruminants to eliminate the formation of CO₂ in the environment toprevent future deterioration of the ozone layer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1B illustrate flow charts for forming phenolic particlesaccording to some embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates a flow chart for forming a feed additive according tosome embodiments.

FIG. 3 illustrates a flow chart for forming a feed additive according tosome embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

In some embodiments, the present invention discloses an animal feedadditive which can be used as a feed supplement in an animal feed. Thefeed additive or feed supplement can be in the form of particles orpellets that can be mixed in a regular feed diet of the animal. The feedadditive can include a phenolic compound, together with sodium andcarbonate components, e.g., forming sodium carbonate phenolic feedadditive.

In some embodiments, the feed additive can include natural substances,such as phenolic compounds selected and activated from plant phenols,which can help reducing methane or carbon dioxide production by ananimal, such as a ruminant, for example, by mixing in a feed diet of theanimal. The feed diet can be optimized to enhance health, growth, meat,and milk production of the animals.

In some embodiments, the feed additive can include sodium and carbonatecomponents, which can help in dissolving the phenolic feed additiveduring the consumption of the feed additive by the animal. Theincorporation of the sodium and carbonate components can be accomplishedby using an oxidant having sodium percarbonate, which can be dissolvedin a water solution to release sodium and carbonate ions for reactingwith the phenolic feed additive.

In some embodiments, the present invention discloses a method forreducing methane or carbon dioxide production in animals, such as inruminants, which includes feeding orally to the animal a feedcomposition containing a sodium carbonate phenolic feed additive.

The animal feed supplement described herein can be used to reducemethane and carbon dioxide production or emission by animals, whileincreasing availability of nutrients, increase efficiency of milk andmeat production by the animals. The present sodium carbonate phenolicfeed additive has been added to beef cow diet and can reduce theirmethane emissions by as much as 82% to 90% percent, in addition to allowthe cows to convert feed to body weight 20 percent more efficiently.Further, the efficacy of the present feed additive does not diminishamong 21 cows fed 1.5 to 3 ounces of feed additive daily for 21 weeks.

In some embodiments, the sodium carbonate phenolic feed additive caninclude an enzyme catalyzed oxidative crosslinking of a phenoliccompound, using an oxidant having a sodium percarbonate to incorporatesodium and carbonate elements to the feed additive. The sodium carbonatephenolic feed additive can be fed to an animal to reduce methane orcarbon dioxide production by the animal. For example, the feed additivecan be mixed with a regular feed diet of the animal, to be orallyconsumed by the animal.

FIGS. 1A-1B illustrate flow charts for forming phenolic particlesaccording to some embodiments. In FIG. 1A, operation 100 prepares asolution comprising a phenolic compound, an oxidizing agent, an enzymeand a dispersing agent. The phenolic compound, the oxidizing agent, andthe enzyme are configured to generate an enzyme catalyzed oxidativepolymerization of the phenolic compound. The dispersing agent isconfigured to limit a coalescent of polymer products formed by theenzyme catalyzed oxidative polymerization of the phenolic compound toachieve predetermined sizes. Operation 110 removes the polymer productsfrom the solution to be used as a feed additive for an animal to reducemethane or carbon dioxide emission.

In FIG. 1B, operation 130 prepares a solution comprising a phenoliccompound, an oxidizing agent comprising sodium percarbonate, an enzymecomprising horseradish peroxidase, and a dispersing agent comprising aplant or seed oil. The phenolic compound, the oxidizing agent, and theenzyme are configured to generate an enzyme catalyzed oxidativepolymerization of the phenolic compound to form sodium carbonatephenolic particles. The dispersing agent is configured to limit acoalescent of phenolic particles to achieve predetermined sizes.Operation 140 removes the polymer products from the solution to be usedas a feed additive for an animal to reduce methane or carbon dioxideemission.

In some embodiments, the sodium carbonate phenolic feed additive and theuse of the feed additive are considered to be purely non-therapeutic.However, in some embodiments, the feed additive and its usage can betherapeutic to the animals.

In some embodiments, the sodium carbonate phenolic feed additive can beused to reduce methane and carbon dioxide production in the rumen of aruminant, and thereby reduce or eliminate associated bloat. Thus, thefeed additive can help solving a significant problem in feedlot orgrazing livestock production systems due to a high-grain diet or highlegume forage diet in ruminants.

In some embodiments, the animal is a ruminant animal or apseudo-ruminant animal. The ruminant refers to any hoofed animal of thesuborder Ruminantia and the order Artiodactyla, characteristicallydigesting its food in two steps. Ruminants include cattle, sheep, goats,llamas, giraffes, bisons, buffalo, deer, elk, wildebeest, antelope,pronghorn, alpacas and yaks. The pseudo-ruminant can include horses,camels, hippopotami, rabbits, guinea pigs, and hamsters.

The amount of the animal feed supplement consumed by the animal can varydepending on the animals, such as on types of the animals, sizes of theanimals, and ages of the animals. The total daily feed supplement amountcan be divided and provided in portions during the day, such as two orthree portions per day. Each animal can consume up to about 100 g offeed additive per day. For example, an animal can consume less than 100g, less than 90 g, less than 80 g, less than 70 g, less than 60 g, lessthan 50 g, less than 40 g, less than 30 g, less than 20 g, or less than10 g of the feed supplement per day depending on the size of the animal.As a specific example, an average cow can consume about 40 g to 85 g offeed additive per day.

Preliminary data indicates that the feed additive disclosed in thepresent specification can reduce methane or carbon dioxide productionand emission by as much as 82% to 90% percent compared to methane orcarbon dioxide production and emission if the animal feed supplement isnot consumed. Further, the effect can be a long term effect with no sideeffect, e.g., the animals can more efficiently convert the feed havingthe feed additive to body weight during at least in the 21 week studytime.

General Process

In some embodiments, the feed additive can include phenol particles orpellets, which can be formed by an enzyme catalyzed oxidativecrosslinking of a phenol, together with by using a dispersing agent tocontrol the size of the phenol particles. The phenol particles canfurther include sodium and carbonate, for example, by using sodiumpercarbonate as the oxidant in the process of the enzyme catalyzedoxidative crosslinking of the phenol to form the phenol particles.

In some embodiments, the process to form the feed additive can includedissolving a phenol, such as a polyphenol or a phenolic compound, in asolvent. An oxidizing agent, or an oxidant, is then added to thesolution, together with an oxidoreductase as a catalyst to oxidize thepolyphenol using the oxidizing agent to form phenoxy radicals to producepolymers and oligomers. The polymers and oligomers can coalesce to formpolyphenol particles. The oxidant can include sodium percarbonate, whichcan be dissociated into sodium and carbonate ions, together withhydrogen peroxide. The sodium and carbonate ions can be incorporated inthe polyphenol particles, which can assist in dissolving the polyphenolparticles during the digestion of the particles. A dispersing agent isadded, for example, before the particle coalescence to control the sizeof the particles. The oxidative reaction is configured to form phenoxyradicals to produce polymers and oligomers, with the polymers andoligomers coalesced to form the particles.

In some embodiments, the present invention discloses a method to form ananimal feed additive which can reduce methane or carbon dioxide emissionfrom the animal. The method can include an enzyme catalyzed oxidativecrosslinking or polymerizing a phenol, such as a polyphenol or aphenolic compound, to form particulate feed additive. The oxidativereaction is configured to form phenoxy radicals to produce polymers andoligomers, with the polymers and oligomers coalesced to form theparticles.

The method can include forming a phenolic solution having a phenoldissolved in a solvent. The phenolic solution can be formed bydissolving a phenol, e.g., a polyphenol of a phenolic compound, in asolvent, such as an organic solvent. The solvent can be a water based ora water miscible solvent, such as water.

The phenolic solution can be formed by submerging a phenol containingsubstance, such as a phenol containing plant, in a solution or asolvent. The phenol can be extracted from the phenol containing plantinto the solvent, and the solvent can be filtered to remove the residue,such as removing the phenol containing plant that already has the phenoldissolved in the solvent. Purity and concentration of the phenol can beincreased, for example, by reverse osmosis.

The method can further include mixing the phenolic solution with anoxidant, an enzyme, and a dispersing agent. The oxidant, the enzyme, andthe dispersing agent can be in solid form, liquid form, or can bedissolved in one or more solutions. The oxidant can include sodiumpercarbonate, or can include a combination of sodium percarbonate andhydrogen peroxide. The oxidant can be configured to oxidize the phenolwith the enzyme acting as a catalyst. The dispersing agent can beconfigured to limit sizes of particles coalescing from the oxidation ofthe phenol.

The method can further include removing the particles from the mixture,including drying the particles. After dried, the particles can be addedto a feed composition, to be fed to the animals.

In some embodiments, the oxidant can be dissolved in a solution, such asin water, before mixing with the phenolic solution. For example, anoxidant containing sodium percarbonate can be in solid form, and can bemixed with a water based phenolic solution. The solid form sodiumpercarbonate can be dissolved in water, and the water solution can bemixed with the phenolic solution.

In some embodiments, the enzyme can be dissolved in a solution, such asin water, before mixing with the phenolic solution. For example, anenzyme containing horseradish peroxidase can be in solid form, and canbe mixed with a water based phenolic solution. The solid formhorseradish peroxidase can be dissolved in water, and the water solutioncan be mixed with the phenolic solution.

In some embodiments, the dispersing agent can be dissolved or mixed in asolution, such as in water, before mixing with the phenolic solution.For example, a dispersing agent containing safflower oil can be inliquid form, and can be mixed directly with the phenolic solution.

In some embodiments, the mixture of the phenolic solution with theoxidant, the enzyme, and the dispersing agent can be formed by mixingthe phenolic solution directly with the oxidant or with a solutioncontaining the oxidant. The mixture can be formed by mixing the phenolicsolution directly with the enzyme or with a solution containing theenzyme. The mixture can be formed by mixing the phenolic solutiondirectly with the dispersing agent or with a solution containing thedispersing agent.

In some embodiments, the mixture of the phenolic solution with theoxidant, the enzyme, and the dispersing agent can be formed by mixingthe phenolic solution with one or more solutions containing the oxidant,the enzyme, and the dispersing agent, e.g., the phenolic solution andthe solutions containing the oxidant, the enzyme, and the dispersingagent are mixed in a common container. Other mixing configurations canbe used, such as forming a mixture of the oxidant or the oxidantsolution, the enzyme or the enzyme solution, the dispersing agent or thedispersing agent solution, before mixing the mixture with the phenolicsolution.

Another mixing configuration can include gradually adding an oxidant oran oxidant solution to a phenolic solution or to a mixture of thephenolic solution with at least one of the enzyme (or the enzymesolution) or the dispersing agent (or the dispersing agent solution).The oxidant or the oxidant solution can be added at a rate approximatelyequal to the rate of consumption of the oxidant.

Another mixing configuration can include gradually adding an enzyme oran enzyme solution to a phenolic solution or to a mixture of thephenolic solution with at least one of the oxidant (or the oxidantsolution) or the dispersing agent (or the dispersing agent solution).The enzyme or the enzyme solution can be gradually added to preventexcess enzyme in the mixture.

Another mixing configuration can include gradually adding a dispersingagent or a dispersing agent solution to a phenolic solution or to amixture of the phenolic solution with at least one of the oxidant (orthe oxidant solution) or the enzyme (or the enzyme solution). Thedispersing agent or the dispersing agent solution can be gradually addedto limit a growing of particle sizes, e.g., to control the sizes of theparticles, such as to stop adding the dispersing agent when theparticles reach predetermined sizes.

In some embodiments, a ratio of the phenol to the dispersing agent canbe between 3 to 1 and 1 to 3. A ratio of the phenol to the oxidant canbe between 0.1 to 2.5 moles of oxidant per 100 grams of phenol. A ratioof the phenol to the enzyme can be between 10 mg to 5 g of enzyme per100 grams of phenol.

In some embodiments, the phenol can include a polyphenol extracted frompomegranate, green tea, apple peel, garlic or yucca. The solvent caninclude an aromatic hydrocarbon, an alcohol, an organic solvent, ormixture thereof, such as ethanol, propanol, butanol, acetone, hexane,propylene glycol, aqueous ethanol, aqueous propylene glycol.

The oxidant can further include hydrogen peroxide, e.g., a solution ofsodium percarbonate and hydrogen peroxide in water, with the sodiumpercarbonate dissolved in the water to provide sodium and carbonate ionsto be incorporated to the particles. The enzyme can include anoxidoreductase, such as horseradish peroxidase or amylase. Thedispersing agent can include a grain or seed oil, such as safflower oil.The dispersing agent amount can be configured to form particles havingthe predetermined sizes less than 10 cm, such as between 5 and 7 cm.

The dispersing agent can be added to the mixture before or during theoxidation reaction generating particles to control the size of theparticles. The dispersing agent can be configured to prevent micelleformations in the mixture due to a phenolic polymerization process.

The particles can be configured to be orally consumed by the animal inmixing with other feeds. The feed additive can be configured to reducemethane or carbon dioxide upon oral consumption of the feed additive bythe animal. The feed additive can further include feed grains,flavorings, colorants, micronutrients, or vitamins, seaweed, bromochloromethane, 2-Bromoethanol sulfate, ciclodextrine and asparagopsistaxiformis or asparagopsis armata.

Phenolic Compounds

In some embodiments, the phenol or phenolic compound used to form thefeed additive in the enzyme catalyzed oxidative crosslinking of thephenol or phenolic compound can be those that include a hydroxyl groupbonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The simplest of theclass is phenol (C₆H₅OH). The phenol or phenolic compound can include apolyphenol, such as a polyphenol extracted from pomegranate, green tea,apple peel, garlic or yucca. Other polyphenol can be used, such aspolyphenol obtained from a variety of sources, including, for example,fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, tea extracts, herbs, spices,and tree barks.

In some embodiments, the feed additive polyphenol particles can beformed by an oxidative process to polymerize a phenol or phenoliccompound. The oxidative process can be an enzyme catalyzed oxidativeprocess. The enzyme catalyzed oxidative process of the phenol can beperformed in a solution, such as in an organic solvent, e.g., in anorganic-non aqueous or in an organic-aqueous solvent medium. Thesolution or solvent medium can improve the oxidative polymerizationreaction, such as producing higher yields and higher molecular weightproducts. Further, to control the molecular weight, e.g., to prevent theformation of micelles which can form particles too large to be consumedcomfortably by the animals, a dispersing agent can be added to thesolution or solvent medium.

In some embodiments, the solution medium can include a phenolicsolution, e.g., a solution containing a phenol or a phenolic compound.For example, a phenolic solution containing a green tea phenol caninclude a green tea extract dissolved in a solution. The green teaextract can be obtained from tea leaves using a solvent, such as water,alcohol or an aromatic hydrocarbon. The green tea phenol can be hotwater extracted, e.g., by submerging the tea leaves in hot water.Alternatively, the polyphenol can be obtained from the alcoholextraction of tea, or by ultrafiltration or reverse osmosis of water oralcohol extract of tea.

In some embodiments, the solvent for the phenol can include aromatichydrocarbons. Other solvents can be used, such as alcohols, organicsolvents and mixtures thereof, such as ethanol, propanol, butanol,acetone, hexane, propylene glycol, aqueous ethanol, or aqueous propyleneglycol.

In some embodiments, the phenol can be dissolved in an organic solventthat is water-miscible. For example, water-miscible solvents can includeethanol, methanol, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl formamide, methylformate acetone, n-propanol, isopropanol, ethanol, or t-butyl alcohol.For water miscible solvents, the oxidative polymeric reaction of thephenol can occur in the solution. The solution can have between 1/100 to1 g/ml concentration, e.g., between 1 g to 100 g of polyphenol for 100ml solvent.

In some embodiments, the phenol can be dissolved in a water-immisciblesolvent, such as hexane, trichloromethane, methyl ethyl ketone, ethylacetate, or butanol. For water immiscible solvents, the solvent can bedispersed in the water (or vice versa) upon mixing the solvent with thewater. The oxidative polymeric reaction of polyphenol can occur at thesolvent/water interface. The phenol can be polymerized in the solvent,while the enzyme and peroxide stay in the water.

In some embodiments, the organic solvent is used by an amount forcompletely dissolving the phenol, such as greater than 30 vol % of thetotal polymerization volume. The organic solvent amount should not be solarge, such as less than 70 vol % of the total polymerization volume, toprevent a drastically reduction of the activity of enzyme, such as theperoxidase, as biocatalyst.

In some embodiments, the phenolic solution containing a phenol, such asa green tea phenol, can be formed directly from the phenolic containingplant, such as the tea leaves, instead of from the green tea extract.For example, the phenolic containing plant, such as the tea leaves, canbe disposed in a solvent, such as water, alcohol or an aromatichydrocarbon. To form a water solution, the plant containing the phenol,such as the tea leaves, can be submerged in hot water. The plant phenolcan then be extracted from the phenolic containing plant, e.g., theplant phenol can be released from the plant into the hot water to form awater solution containing phenol. To form an alcohol solution, the plantcontaining the phenol, such as the tea leaves, can be submerged inalcohol. The plant phenol can then be extracted from the phenoliccontaining plant, e.g., the plant phenol can be released from the plantinto the alcohol to form an alcoholic solution containing plant phenol

For example, to form a phenolic solution from green tea, a solvent canbe added to tea leaves, followed by stirring the solution. The residuecan then be separated from the solution, such as by filtering. Thesolvent can be heated, for example, to a temperature slightly less thanthe boiling temperature of the solvent to reduce the phenol extractiontime. The stirring time can be based on the solvent temperature, such asbetween 10 minutes in hot solvents to several hours in room temperaturesolvents. Improving concentration of the phenol extract in the solutioncan be obtained by filtering or by reverse osmosis.

Oxidizing Agent

In some embodiments, the feed additive can be formed by an enzymecatalyzed oxidative crosslinking or polymerizing a phenol or a phenoliccompound. The oxidative process can include an oxidizing agent or anoxidant, e.g., a reactive oxygen species.

The oxidizing agent or the oxidant can include a peroxide or a peroxidereleasing compound, such as sodium percarbonate. The usage of sodiumpercarbonate can provide an additional benefit of helping to dissolvethe particles during the digestion of the feed having the feed additiveparticles.

In some embodiments, the feed additive can be modified to add otheradditives which are beneficial to the digestion and health of theanimal. For example, the feed additive can be modified to include usefulchemicals such as sodium and carbonate, which can help with thedigestion of the feed. This modification can be made by using anoxidizing agent or an oxidant having a carbonate salt such as sodiumpercarbonate. Sodium percarbonate can release hydrogen peroxide, whichcan also be used as a source of oxidizing agent. For example, sodiumpercarbonate can be dissolved in water to release hydrogen peroxide.

The process to form the feed additive can include an oxidizing agenthaving a sodium percarbonate dissolved in water. The sodium percarbonatecomponent can provide the oxidative property by the hydrogen peroxidegenerated by the sodium percarbonate dissociated in water. The sodiumpercarbonate component can provide sodium and carbonate ions, generatedby the sodium percarbonate dissociated in water, to be incorporated tothe feed additive for easy of dissolving the feed additive when digestedby the animal.

In some embodiments, the oxidizing agent or the oxidant can include acombination of a peroxide and a peroxide releasing compound. Forexample, the oxidizing agent can include a solution of sodiumpercarbonate and hydrogen peroxide. The amount of sodium percarbonate inthe oxidizing agent can be determined to optimize the amount of sodiumand carbonate in the feed additive. The amount of hydrogen peroxide inthe oxidizing agent can be determined to supplement the hydrogenperoxide released from the sodium percarbonate in the oxidative processof the phenol, e.g., the combination of the sodium percarbonate releasehydrogen peroxide and the hydrogen peroxide directly added to theoxidizing agent is suitable for the oxidative polymerization process ofthe phenol in the solution.

In general, the oxidizing agent or oxidant can include reactive oxygenspecies, which can facilitate the oxidation of a phenolic compound toform a reactive quinone structure upon a bioactivation. For example, thereactive oxygen species can be hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion,singlet oxygen, or a hydroxyl radical. In some embodiments, theoxidizing agent can include methyl peroxide, ethyl peroxide, hydroalkylperoxide, t-butylhydroperoxide, or ethylhydroperoxide. In someembodiments, the oxidizing agent can include a material that releasehydrogen peroxide such as hydration of adducts of hydrogen peroxide,including carbamide peroxide, magnesium peroxide, and sodiumpercarbonate. In some embodiments, the oxidizing agent can include acombination of different reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogenperoxide and sodium percarbonate.

The oxidizing agent can be used in an amount of about 0.1 to 2.5 molesper 100 grams polyphenol, or about 0.1 to 0.5 moles per 100 gramspolyphenol. For example, the oxidizing agent of hydrogen peroxide can bedissolved in water with a concentration from about 1 mM to 10 M, orabout 0.1% to about 10% hydrogen peroxide solution.

In some embodiments, the process to form the feed additive can utilizesodium percarbonate as the oxidizing agent. For example, sodiumpercarbonate can be added to a water solution. Sodium percarbonate candissolve in the water solution to give Na⁺, CO₃ ²⁻, and H₂O₂. In someembodiments, sodium percarbonate can be added to the phenolic solution,e.g., the solution having the phenolic compound dissolved in a solventor the water based solvent having the phenolic compound dissolvedtherein. Since the phenolic solution includes water, sodium percarbonatecan be dissolved to provide sodium and carbonate ions to be incorporatedto the phenolic feed additive product, together with hydrogen peroxideto function as the oxidizing agent.

Enzyme Component

In some embodiments, the feed additive can be formed by an enzymecatalyzed oxidative crosslinking or polymerizing a phenol or a phenoliccompound. The oxidative process of the phenol can be performed in asolution including phenol, an oxidizing agent, and an enzyme, with theenzyme functioned as a catalyst for the oxidative process. The enzymecan include an oxidoreductase, such as a peroxidase, which can be acatalyst for an oxidizing agent of hydrogen peroxide.

In some embodiments, the solution can include a mixture of a phenolsolution, a solution having the oxidizing agent, and a solution havingthe enzyme. For example, the phenol solution can include a plantcontaining phenol disposed in a solvent. Alternatively, the phenolsolution can include a phenol extract dissolved in an organic solvent.The solution having the oxidizing agent can include a solution ofhydrogen peroxide, e.g., an amount of hydrogen peroxide in water, or awater-diluted amount of hydrogen peroxide. The solution having theoxidizing agent can include a solution of sodium percarbonate, e.g., anamount of sodium percarbonate dissolved in water. The solution havingthe oxidizing agent can include a solution of hydrogen peroxide andsodium percarbonate, e.g., a water solution having an amount of hydrogenperoxide and an amount of sodium percarbonate dissolved therein.

In some embodiments, a phenolic solution can be prepared, for example,by dissolving a phenol extract in a solvent, or by submerging a phenolcontaining component, such as a phenol containing plant, in a solvent toextract the phenol from the phenol containing plant into the solvent.The solvent containing the phenol containing plant can be filtered,purified, and adjusting a concentration suitable for the oxidativeprocess. For example, the concentration of the phenol in the solvent canbe reduced by adding additional solvent. The concentration of the phenolin the solvent can be increased by a reverse osmosis process.

An oxidizing agent can be added to the phenolic solution, such as addingsodium percarbonate in a powder form, or a solution containing sodiumpercarbonate. An enzyme, such as a peroxidase, can be also added to thephenolic solution, which can function as a catalyst for the oxidation ofthe polyphenol using the peroxide released by the sodium percarbonate.The enzyme can be added to the phenolic solution in the form of asolution containing the enzyme, or the enzyme can be directly added tothe phenolic solution.

The oxidizing agent and the enzyme can be added to the phenolic solutionin any order, such as the oxidizing agent (or the solution containingthe oxidizing agent) is added to the phenolic solution, followed byadding the enzyme (or the enzyme solution). Alternatively, the enzyme(or the enzyme solution) is added to the phenolic solution, followed byadding the oxidizing agent (or the solution containing the oxidizingagent).

The peroxidase enzyme can catalyze, with hydrogen peroxide, theoxidation of a variety of phenols. The peroxidase enzyme can includehorseradish peroxidase. Phenolic free radicals can be generated, whichdiffuse from the active center of the enzyme into the solution. Thephenolic free radicals then can polymerize to polyaromatic products. Thepolyaromatic products are high molecular weight polymers and arewater-insoluble, e.g., forming phenol particles. The phenol particlescan be separated by filtration from water.

In some embodiments, the enzyme can function to oxidize the phenols,such as by catalyzing redox reactions, i.e., the transfer of electronsfrom the phenolic compound to molecular oxygen. The phenol oxidizingenzyme can include peroxidases, which are an oxidoreductase class ofenzymes, which catalyze oxidoreduction reactions. The peroxidase enzymecatalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water andmolecular oxygen.

The phenol oxidizing enzyme can also include polyphenol oxidase,monophenol oxidase, oxidases forming hydrogen peroxide and peroxidases.The phenol oxidizing enzyme can include oxidoreductases such asoxidoreductases that act on the CH—OH group of donors (e.g., alcoholoxidoreductases), oxidoreductases that act on the CH—OH group of donors(e.g., alcohol oxidoreductases), oxidoreductases that act on diphenolsand related substances as donors (e.g., catechol oxidase), oroxidoreductases that act on peroxide as an acceptor (e.g., peroxidases,such as horseradish peroxidase or amylase). Other oxidoreductases orperoxidases can be used, such as soybean peroxidase, Coprinus peroxidaseor Aspergillus, chloroperoxidase and other haloperoxidases,lactoperoxidase, bacterial peroxidases, fungul laccase and tyrosinase.

In some embodiments, the enzyme, such as horseradish peroxidase, can bedissolved in water and added to the phenolic solution. The concentrationof the enzyme solution can be in a wide range, such as about 10milligrams to 5 grams for each 100 grams of polyphenol or about 10 to365 mg per liter. The enzyme functions as a catalyst which is notconsumed in the reaction, and can be recovered after the reaction.

Dispersing Agent

In some embodiments, the phenol particles formed by an oxidative processcan be controlled to achieve predetermined sizes, for example, by usinga dispersing agent in the solution medium to control the molecularweight of the polymer products in the oxidative process. A dispersingagent is a substance that can improve the separation of particles in asuspension medium. The dispersing agent is different from a surfactant,which is a substance that can lower the surface tension between twophases of matter. In the solution medium of the oxidative process, thedispersing agent can be a substance that can allow disruption anddispersion to disturb the phenolic polymerization, such as to preventthe formation of micelles and to form pellets. Depending on the amountof the dispersing agent in the oxidative solution medium, the pelletsizes can be controlled. For example, a large amount of dispersing agentin the solution medium can greatly disrupt and disperse the phenolicpolymerization, which can result in small size of the polymerizedparticle pellets.

A dispersing agent, such as a grain or seed oil, such as safflower oil,can be used to prevent the formation of micelles during thepolymerization process. For example, an amount of oil can be mixed in asolution of phenol, oxidizing agent and enzyme to control the sizes ofthe phenol particles. A large amount of oil added to the solution cansignificantly disperse the polymers and oligomers resulted from theoxidative polymerization process, resulting in smaller particles. Otherdispersing agent can be used, such as Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), SoyLecithin or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS).

In some embodiments, the oxidative process can include reacting a phenolin a solution with an oxidizing agent in the presence of an enzymefunctioned as an oxidation catalyst. A dispersing agent can be added tothe solution, which can function to optimize the sizes of the oxidizedphenol particles. For example, a dispersing agent of a grain or seed oilcan be added to a mixture of a phenolic solution and a solutioncontaining an oxidizing agent and enzyme to control the size of theparticles coalesced by the polymers and oligomers resulting from theoxidative polymerization of the phenol. The particles can include sodiumand carbonate, generated from an oxidizing agent containing sodiumpercarbonate, which can result in sodium carbonate feed additivepolyphenol particles, which can be removed from the solution to bedried.

In some embodiments, the feed additive can be formed by an enzymecatalyzed oxidative crosslinking or polymerizing a phenol or a phenoliccompound. The oxidative process of the phenol can be performed in asolution including phenol, an oxidizing agent, an enzyme, and adispersing agent, with the dispersing agent functioned to control themolecular weight and the form factors of the products, such as to reduceand eliminate the formation of micelles and promote the formation ofpellets. The sizes of the particles can be chosen to be easily consumedby the animals, such as having a comparable size with the other feeds.In some embodiments, a dimension of the particles can be less than 10cm, between 3 and 9 cm, such as between 5 and 7 cm.

In some embodiments, the solution can include a mixture of a phenolsolution, an oxidizing agent or a solution having the oxidizing agent,an enzyme or a solution having the enzyme, and a dispersing agent or asolution having the dispersing agent. The oxidizing agent, the enzyme,and the dispersing agent can be provided in one or more solutions.

In some embodiments, a solution or solvent medium can be produced bypreparing separate one or more solutions for the phenol, the oxidizingagent-containing element, the enzyme, and the dispersing agent, followedby mixing the separate solutions. For example, the phenol can bedissolved in an organic solvent. The oxidizing agent-containing element,enzyme and dispersant can be dissolved in water. The organic solventsolution containing the phenol and the water solution containingoxidizing agent-containing element, enzyme and dispersant can begradually added to a common reaction vessel.

In some embodiments, the solution having the oxidizing agent, thesolution having the enzyme, and the solution having the dispersing agentcan be three separate solutions. For example, an oxidizing agent ofsodium percarbonate can be used, and can be dissolved in water to formthe solution having the oxidizing agent. An enzyme of horseradishperoxidase can be used, and can be dissolved in water to form thesolution having the enzyme. A dispersing agent of safflower oil can beused, and can be emulsified in water to form the solution having thedispersing agent. The three water solutions can be mixed together withthe phenol solution to generate the enzyme catalyzed oxidativepolymerization of the phenol.

In some embodiments, the solution having the oxidizing agent and thesolution having the enzyme can be two separate solutions, with thedispersing agent added to either one of the two solutions. For example,sodium percarbonate can be dissolved in water to form the solutionhaving hydrogen peroxide oxidizing agent (together with and sodium andcarbonate ions). Horseradish peroxidase can be dissolved in water toform the solution having the enzyme of horseradish peroxidase. Saffloweroil can be added to the solution having the hydrogen peroxide oxidizingagent or to the solution having the horseradish peroxidase enzyme. Thetwo water solutions can be mixed together with the phenol solution togenerate the enzyme catalyzed oxidative polymerization of the phenol.

In some embodiments, the solution having the oxidizing agent, thesolution having the enzyme, and the solution having the dispersing agentcan be a single solution having the oxidizing agent, the enzyme, and thedispersing agent. For example, sodium percarbonate can be dissolved inwater to form the solution having hydrogen peroxide oxidizing agent(together with and sodium and carbonate ions). Horseradish peroxidaseand safflower oil can be added to the solution having the hydrogenperoxide oxidizing agent. The water solution can be mixed with thephenol solution to generate the enzyme catalyzed oxidativepolymerization of the phenol.

Alternatively, horseradish peroxidase can be dissolved in water to formthe solution having the horseradish peroxidase enzyme. Sodiumpercarbonate and safflower oil can be added to the solution having thehorseradish peroxidase enzyme. The water solution then can be mixed withthe phenol solution to generate the enzyme catalyzed oxidativepolymerization of the phenol.

In some embodiments, a phenolic solution can be prepared. An oxidizingagent can be added to the phenolic solution, such as adding sodiumpercarbonate in a powder form, or adding a solution containing sodiumpercarbonate. An enzyme can be also added to the phenolic solution, suchas adding horseradish peroxidase in a powder form, or adding a solutioncontaining horseradish peroxidase. A dispersing agent can be added tothe phenolic solution, such as adding safflower oil. The oxidizingagent, the enzyme, and the dispersing agent can be added to the phenolicsolution in any order. Alternatively, some of the oxidizing agent, theenzyme, and the dispersing agent can be mixed together first beforeadding the mixture to the phenolic solution.

In some embodiments, the phenolic solution can be added to a mixture ofone or more solutions of the oxidizing agent, the enzyme, and thedispersing agent. The molecular weight of the phenolic products can beadjusted through the use of a dispersant. For example, the phenolicproducts can be used as food additive particles or pellets, which can beadded to feeds or diet of an animal. In some embodiments, the particlesize can be between 5.7 cm and 6.35 cm.

In some embodiments, the organic solvent solution containing the phenoland the water solution containing enzyme and dispersant are mixed first,and the peroxide-containing element, such as the sodium percarbonatepowder or the sodium percarbonate solution, is gradually added. Theamount of sodium percarbonate can be added at a controlled rate which isapproximately equal to the rate at which it is consumed, since excessperoxide can inhibit the polymerization of phenol.

In some embodiments, the organic solvent solution containing the phenoland the water solution containing enzyme and dispersant are mixed first.Oxygen or peroxide can be added if the enzyme is an oxidase enzyme or aperoxidase enzyme, respectively. The phenol can react with the oxidizingagent (e.g., oxygen or peroxide) under the enzyme catalyst to generatephenolic radicals, which can react together to form the phenolparticles.

In some embodiments, the volume ratio of organic solvent and water canbe between 1:25 and 25:1, e.g., between 1 volume part of solvent for 25volume part of water and 25 volume part of solvent for 1 volume part ofwater. The volume ratio of organic solvent and water can be between 1:5and 5:1, e.g., between 1 volume part of solvent for 5 volume part ofwater and 5 volume part of solvent for 1 volume part of water. Thevolume ratio of organic solvent and water can be between about 1:1,e.g., about 1 volume part of solvent for 1 volume part of water.

Temperature and pH

In some embodiments, the reaction of the polyphenol can be performed ata temperature between about 0° to 40° C., since certain enzymes can betemperature sensitive and lose their activity at too high temperatures.For example, horseradish peroxidase can be inactive at temperaturesabove about 60° C.

In some embodiments, the reaction of the polyphenol can be performed ata pH in the range of 4 to 12, or between 4 and 9. A pH can be selectedat which the enzyme is highly active. For example, an active pH valuefor a peroxidase can be about 6.

Oxidative Process

Phenol oxidation in plant systems can generate oxidized-polyphenol, orquinonic compounds, with multiple quinonic groups that are capable ofcovalent bonding. Once formed, the oxidized-polyphenol can spontaneouslyform covalent intra- and inter-chain crosslink to polymerize thepolyphenol to form polyphenol particles.

In some embodiments, the process of forming polyphenol particles caninclude selecting the polyphenol, selecting the solvent for thepolyphenol, selecting the oxidant-containing additive, selecting theenzyme, selecting the dispersant, and determining the ratios of theselected components. The components can be mixed to obtain polyphenolparticles having embedded additive. The polyphenol particles can beremoved from the solution to be dried. The dried polyphenol particlescan be used as feed additive for animal. The polyphenol particles can bemodified by adding sodium percarbonate, for example, by mixing thephenol reaction with sodium percarbonate.

For example, the process can include a mixture of a solvent containingphenolic compound in a desired ratio with sodium percarbonate dissolvedin water. Horseradish peroxidase enzyme can be added to act as acatalyst for the hydrogen peroxide released from the dissolved sodiumpercarbonate. Grain or seed oil, such as safflower oil, can be added asdispersant. The phenolic compounds can include a mixture of apomegranate extract and a green tea extract. The ratio of phenoliccompound to sodium percarbonate can range from about 1:2 to about 1:20on a wt/wt basis (molar weight), or from about 3:1 to about 1:3 on awt/wt basis (molar weight).

As an example, 30 mg of horseradish peroxidase, 1.5 g of phenylphenoldissolved in 40 ml of ethanol, 10 g of a dispersant, and 12 ml of 3%hydrogen peroxide are added drop-wise to a constantly-stirred container.After 10 minutes, the product was collected by filtration. The productis then air dried. As another example, 300 mg of horseradish peroxidasedissolved in 100 ml of water, 8.3 g of phenylphenol dissolved in 200 mlof ethanol, 10 g of sodium percarbonate dissolved in 100 ml of water, 10g of a dispersant are added drop-wise to a constantly-stirred container.After 15 minutes, the product was collected by filtration. The productis then air dried.

In some embodiments, the present invention discloses a method to form ananimal feed additive which can reduce methane or carbon dioxide emissionfrom the animal. The method can include forming a phenolic solutionhaving a phenol dissolved in a solvent. The phenolic solution can beformed by dissolving a phenol, e.g., a polyphenol of a phenoliccompound, in a solvent, such as an organic solvent. The phenolicsolution can be formed by submerging a phenol containing substance, suchas a phenol containing plant, in a solution or a solvent, to extract thephenol into the solvent. The solvent can be a water based solvent orwater miscible solvent.

The method can further include mixing the phenolic solution with anoxidant or a solution containing an oxidant, such as sodiumpercarbonate. The method can further include mixing the phenolicsolution with an enzyme or a solution containing an enzyme, such as aperoxidase. The peroxidase can function as a catalyst in an oxidationreaction between the oxidant and the phenol. The method can furtherinclude mixing the phenolic solution with a dispersing agent or asolution containing a dispersing agent, such as a grain or seed oil. Thedispersing agent can be added an amount configured to achievepredetermined sizes of particles coalescing from the oxidation reaction.The sodium percarbonate can be configured to incorporate sodium andcarbonate to the particles with amounts at least sufficient to assist indissolving the particles when the animal digests the particles.

The method can further include removing the particles from the mixture,including drying the particles. After dried, the particles can be addedto a feed composition, to be fed to the animals.

In some embodiments, the oxidant can include a mixture of sodiumpercarbonate and hydrogen peroxide. The amount of sodium percarbonate isconfigured to provide adequate sodium and carbonate to be incorporatedin the particles. And the addition of hydrogen peroxide to provideenough oxidant to the oxidative process.

FIG. 2 illustrates a flow chart for forming a feed additive according tosome embodiments. Operation 200 prepares a phenolic solution. Thephenolic solution can include a phenolic compound dissolved in a firstsolvent. Alternatively, the phenolic solution can include a filteredsecond solvent comprising a phenolic containing plant previouslysubmerged in the second solvent. Operation 210 prepares a secondsolution, with the second solution having sodium percarbonate andperoxidase dissolved in water. Operation 220 mixes the phenolic solutionwith the second solution. Operation 230 adds an amount of a plant orseed oil to the mixture of the phenolic solution and the secondsolution, the amount configured to achieve predetermined sizes ofsolidified products. Operation 240 removes the solidified products fromthe solution to be used as a feed additive for an animal to reducemethane or carbon dioxide emission.

FIG. 3 illustrates a flow chart for forming a feed additive according tosome embodiments. Operation 300 prepares a phenolic solution. Thephenolic solution can include a phenolic compound dissolved in a firstsolvent. Alternatively, the phenolic solution can include a filteredsecond solvent comprising a phenolic containing plant previouslysubmerged in the second solvent. Operation 310 mixes the phenolicsolution with a second solution having a peroxidase dissolved in water.Operation 320 adds sodium percarbonate or a third solution having sodiumpercarbonate to the mixture of the phenolic solution and the secondsolution. The sodium percarbonate or the third solution is added at arate approximately equal to a consumption rate of hydrogen peroxidegenerated from the sodium percarbonate. Operation 330 adds an amount ofa plant or seed oil to the mixture of the phenolic solution and thesecond solution. The amount is configured to achieve predetermined sizesof solidified products. Operation 340 removes the solidified productsfrom the solution to be used as a feed additive for an animal to reducemethane or carbon dioxide emission.

Feed Supplement

In some embodiments, the phenolic products can be used as a feedadditive, since phenolic compounds can be beneficial as potential feedadditives for animals, especially in term of methane and carbon dioxidereduction. The feed additive can be combined with an animal feed to forman animal feed composition. The phenolic additive can reduce methane andcarbon dioxide emissions by animals, such as ruminant animals.

The animal feed additive can be added to the feed grains or diet to theanimals, such as cows, in the form of animal feed. The animal feedadditive can include other components in addition to the activematerials, such as, for example, flavorings, colorants, micronutrients,and vitamins. The animal feed additive can include substances to reduceCO₂ production, such as Bromo Chloromethane, 2-Bromoethanol sulfate,ciclodextrine and asparagopsis taxiformis or asparagopsis armata.

Feed is given to domestic animals to provide nutritive substances to theanimals. The feed additive can be added to feed at the time of feedingto the animals. Alternatively, the feed additive can be added to feed atthe time of feed formulation, e.g., the feed additive can be formulatedalong with feed components. In general, the animal feed additive is notsufficient on its own to meet the nutritional need of the animal.

The feed additive can be prepared in the dry solid form, for example,pellet form, which is suitable for addition to animal feed in order toprovide beneficial effects, including reducing methane and carbondioxide emissions by the animals. The feed additive can be subject tofurther processing steps depending on the types of the formulation forthe intended finished products, including molded, pressed, spray driedor formed into a shape with dimensions or textures suitable forconsumption by the animals.

The feed additive can be used to be added on top an animal feed rationor can be used to blend into a total mixed ration. For example, the feedadditive can be combined with an animal feed to form an animal feedcomposition.

In some embodiments, the feed additive can be consumed by the animalstogether with their usual animal feed. Alternatively, the feed additivecan also be consumed by the animal separately to any animal feed.

In some embodiments, the polyphenol particles can be used to prepare asecondary feed additive by polymer emulsions having low viscosity forimprovement of work efficiency, which can facilitate the mixing withnormal feed.

What is claimed is:
 1. An animal feed additive for reducing carbondioxide emission from the animal, wherein the animal feed additivecomprises sodium carbonate polyphenol particles configured to be orallyconsumed by the animal in mixing with other feeds, wherein the sodiumcarbonate polyphenol particles comprise oxidized phenol componentsbonded with an amount of sodium components and carbonate componentssufficient to assist in dissolving the sodium carbonate polyphenolparticles when the animal digesting the sodium carbonate polyphenolparticles, wherein the sodium carbonate polyphenol particles comprisesizes less than a threshold value for ease of animal consumption,wherein the oxidized phenol components comprise a polyphenol extractedfrom pomegranate, green tea, apple peel, garlic or yucca, wherein theoxidized phenol components are bonded to the sodium and carbonatecomponents by reacting the polyphenol with an oxidant comprising sodiumpercarbonate using an enzyme as a catalyst in a solvent, wherein theenzyme comprises horse radish peroxidase or amylase, wherein the solventcomprises an aromatic hydrocarbon, wherein the sizes of the particlesare limited by controlling a coalescing behavior of the oxidation of thepolyphenol using a dispersing agent comprising a grain or seed oil. 2.An animal feed additive as in claim 1, wherein the threshold value isbetween 5 and 7 cm.
 3. An animal feed additive as in claim 7, whereinthe threshold value is less than 10 cm.
 4. An animal feed additive as inclaim 1, further comprising seaweed, bromo chloromethane, 2-Bromoethanolsulfate, ciclodextrine, and asparagopsis taxiformis or asparagopsisarmata.
 5. An animal feed additive as in claim 1, further comprisingfeed grains, flavorings, colorants, micronutrients, or vitamins.
 6. Ananimal feed additive as in claim 1, wherein a temperature of thereaction is less than 40 degrees Celsius.
 7. An animal feed additive asin claim 1, wherein a pH of the reaction is between 4 and
 9. 8. Ananimal feed additive as in claim 1, wherein the sodium and carbonatecomponents comprise sodium and carbonate ions generated by dissolvingthe sodium percarbonate in a solution.
 9. An animal feed additive as inclaim 1, wherein sodium carbonate polyphenol particles is formed bygradually adding sodium percarbonate at a rate which is approximatelyequal to the rate of consumption of the sodium percarbonate.
 10. Ananimal feed additive as in claim 1, wherein the sizes of the particlesis controlled by gradually adding the dispersant agent at an amount tolimit a growing of the particle sizes.
 11. An animal feed additive as inclaim 1, wherein a ratio of the phenol to the dispersing agent isbetween 3 to 1 and 1 to 3, wherein a ratio of the phenol to the oxidantis between 0.1 to 2.5 moles of oxidant per 100 grams of phenol, andwherein a ratio of the phenol to the enzyme is between 10 mg to 5 g ofenzyme per 100 grams of phenol.
 12. An animal feed additive for reducingcarbon dioxide emission from the animal, the animal feed supplementcomprises a dried particle configured to be orally consumed by theanimal in mixing with other feeds, wherein the dried particle comprisesan oxidized phenol component, wherein the phenol component comprises apolyphenol extracted from pomegranate, green tea, apple peel, garlic oryucca, wherein the phenol component is oxidized by reacting with anoxidant using an enzyme as a catalyst in a solvent, wherein the enzymecomprises horse radish peroxidase or amylase, wherein the solventcomprises an aromatic hydrocarbon, sodium and carbonate componentsbonded to the oxidized phenol component, wherein the particle comprisesthe sodium carbonate component by using the oxidant comprising sodiumpercarbonate, wherein a size of the particle is limited to be less thana threshold value by controlling a coalescing behavior of the oxidationof the phenol using a dispersing agent in the solvent, wherein thedispersing agent comprises a grain or seed oil.
 13. An animal feedadditive as in claim 12, wherein the threshold value is between 5 and 7cm.
 14. An animal feed additive as in claim 12, further comprisingseaweed, bromo chloromethane, 2-Bromoethanol sulfate, ciclodextrine,asparagopsis taxiformis or asparagopsis armata, feed grains, flavorings,colorants, micronutrients, or vitamins.
 15. An animal feed additive asin claim 12, wherein the sodium and carbonate components comprise sodiumand carbonate ions generated by dissolving the sodium percarbonate in asolution.
 16. An animal feed additive for reducing carbon dioxideemission from the animal, the animal feed supplement comprises driedsodium carbonate polyphenol particles configured to be orally consumedby the animal in mixing with other feeds, wherein the dried sodiumcarbonate polyphenol particles comprise sodium components, carbonatecomponents, and oxidized phenol components bonded to sizes limited to beless than a threshold value, wherein the oxidized phenol componentscomprise a polyphenol extracted from pomegranate, green tea, apple peel,garlic or yucca, wherein the phenol components are oxidized by reactingthe polyphenol with an oxidant using an enzyme as a catalyst in asolvent, wherein the enzyme comprises horse radish peroxidase oramylase, wherein the solvent comprises an aromatic hydrocarbon, whereinthe sodium components and the carbonate components are bonded to theoxidized phenol components through the oxidation of the polyphenol withthe oxidant comprising sodium percarbonate, wherein sizes of theparticles are limited to be less than the threshold value by controllinga coalescing behavior of the oxidation of the polyphenol using adispersing agent comprising a grain or seed oil.
 17. An animal feedadditive as in claim 16, wherein the threshold value is between 5 and 7cm.
 18. An animal feed additive as in claim 16, further comprisingseaweed, bromo chloromethane, 2-Bromoethanol sulfate, ciclodextrine,asparagopsis taxiformis or asparagopsis armata, feed grains, flavorings,colorants, micronutrients, or vitamins.
 19. An animal feed additive asin claim 16, wherein sodium carbonate polyphenol particles is formed bygradually adding sodium percarbonate at a rate which is approximatelyequal to the rate of consumption of the sodium percarbonate.
 20. Ananimal feed additive as in claim 16, wherein the sizes of the particlesis controlled by gradually adding the dispersant agent at an amount tolimit a growing of the particle sizes.